Gre Essay Samples Secrets

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Different Perspectives of The Jewish Holocaust - 1641 Words

The Holocaust tends to be a bitter memory and an unpleasant subject to discuss. Although this event took place many years ago, repercussions are still present in the twenty first century. Especially in Germany, the Holocaust not only influences patriotism, but it also influences education and immigration policies. In contrast to other countries where nationalism is common, Germany has been forced to lessen the sense of nationalism in order to dispose false beliefs some individuals have of German racism. By allowing people from other countries to become German citizens, Germany avoids transmitting the sense of being a better and a cleaner race. A further sector influenced by the Holocaust is the education system. Approaches to teach about†¦show more content†¦Therefore, movies transmit the emotions experienced at the Holocaust with more intensity. However, the dilemma of transmitting Holocaust education through movies is that Hollywood ´s versions of the Holocaust alter the events into a simple story of triumph over tragedy (Anna Reading, 211). These movies usually tell the tragic story of a person and end on a high note: either the victim manages to escape and survive the Holocaust, or the Germans suffer the consequences of their atrocious actions. David T. Sterritt compares movie scenes with realistic events (Sterritt, Hollywood’s Holocaust). For instance, the movie The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, narrates the story of the secret friendship between a Jewish boy, named Shmuel, and a German boy, named Bruno, at a concentration camp. After time passes, the boys decide that it would be more fun if Bruno played inside the camp instead of having to play on the other side of the fence. Consequently, the two boys dig a hole; Bruno crawls into the camp, and puts on the special pajamas. The story tragically ends with the death of both boys in a gas chamber. Sterritt remarks that even though the storyline moves viewers to tears, the movie omits realisti c details. Sterritt begins his critique by comparing Shmuel to real Holocaust children. He states that most Holocaust children did not have a great survival chance since most children were killed immediately or were used for medical experimentations. Secondly, he criticizesShow MoreRelatedThe Devil s Arithmetic By Donna Deitch1453 Words   |  6 Pages(Devil’s). The Holocaust was a time of distress for millions of innocent people. The film, The Devil’s Arithmetic, depicts the Holocaust in a manner that is appropriate but teaches about the tragedies. It was directed by Donna Deitch, produced by Lee Gottsegen, Fred Weintraub, and Murray Schisgal, and screen-written by Robert Avrech. It was released on March 28, 1999 in the United States. The following work is an analysis and evaluation of the film on the historical event, the Holocaust. The historicalRead MoreThe Ordinary Men of the Holocaust1075 Words   |  5 Pagesperson’s understanding of the Holocaust is the persecution and mass murder of Jews by the Nazi’s, most are unaware that the people behind the atrocities of the Holocaust came from all over Europe and a wide variety of backgrounds. Art Spiegelman’s Maus: a Survivor’s Tale, Christopher Browning’s Ordinary Men: Reserve Battalion 101 and the Final Solution, and Jan Gross’s Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedbwabne, Poland, all provides a different perspective on how ordinary people feltRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Holocaust930 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holocaust is one of the most well known genocides that have taken place. It had destroyed millions of Jewish lives and has caused a historical pain to these people that cannot be taken away till this day. The Holocaust can be seen from Goldhagen’s perspective of eliminationism. It did have all of the five steps and yet there was uniqueness about the Holocaust. The first one that can be looked at is the concentration camp itself. The history of the camp and the stories are still being unfoldedRead MoreSpielberg s List And Roman Pola Ä ¹Ã‚Æ' Ski s The Pianist1366 Words   |  6 Pagesmovies, plays an important role in shaping the public’s opinions and understanding of the world. The Holocaust for example is a subject that has received a lot of media attention, including three Academy award-winning films in the past two decades. Most people know little about the Holocaust and these films serve as the primary sources of their knowledge, therefore, how they perceive the Holocaust is directly related to the way it is portrayed in these popular movies. Steven Spielberg’s Schindler’sRead MoreI First Visited The Virtual Holocaust Museum Website And Researched The Bodies Of The Holocaust871 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I first visited the virtual Holocaust Museum website and researched the bodies of the site it represented discrimination and bigotry. The action taken upon the innocent the dominant leader Adolf Hitler and the members of his group carried out Jews. The website classified the term Genocide to commit violent crimes against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group. The central issue raised by the site is informing people the awareness of Genocide. When I was looking into theRead MoreThe Jewish Genocide in World War II Essay850 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribe the mass murdering of the Jewish people along with Slavic, Romanians, Greeks, African-Europeans, homosexuals, and mentally or physically disabled people. This certain genocide was named The Holocaust, or â€Å"Sacrifice by Fire† (Holocaust Facts). There are also more recent genocides, like the Rwandan Genocide located in Africa, a land where warlords and murderers control whole countries and kill there people for sport, or their beliefs. But let us focus on the Holocaust, a Genocide where one man andRead MoreThe Movie I Have Chosen For My Review949 Words   |  4 PagesPoland during World War 2 (1939-1945). Poland was under German occupation at the time. The setting of the film shows us the Holocaust and the mistreatment of the Jews. This makes it of historical importance in understanding its social stratification value. It was especially important to Steven Spielberg because he is also Jewish and his family has direct ties to the Holocaust. The social stratification concepts I chose are social differentiation, social inequality, and the stratification systemsRead MorePerpetrators Victims Bystanders The Jewish Catastrophe1341 Words   |  6 PagesPerpetrators Victims Bystanders The Jewish Catastrophe 1933-1945 is written by Raul Hilberg. Hilberg earned a bachelor’s degree from Brooklyn College and his Ph.D. from Columbia University. Hilberg also was a professor at the University of Vermont in Burlington. H e is well known for actually establishing Holocaust studies. Raul Hilberg was an Austrian born citizen who came to America in 1939. He did this when he wrote and published his book Destruction of the European Jews which was met withRead MoreThe Holocaust : The Most Tragic And Shameful Event1330 Words   |  6 PagesIn just twelve years, a heinous vision executed nearly six million Jewish people at the hands of Hitler and his followers, making the Holocaust debatably the most tragic and shameful event recorded in Earth’s history. During this time, different races, ethnicities, and religious groups were persecuted and annihilated for their beliefs that conflicted with Hitler’s persistence to eliminate the â€Å"flaws† of humanity. Hitler and his followers had one goal in mind: to cultivate a master race for the nextRead MoreWomen s Experiences During The Holocaust898 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Holocaust were not entirely different from those of men, it would be false and misleading to assert that they were identical. There were many instances in which an individual’s ordeal was shaped by his or her gender and it is only by understanding what was unique to women and children, and what was unique to men, that we can provide a complete account of what occurred during the Holocaust. One of the reasons it took so long for historians to comprehend the importance of these perspectives is because

Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa

Question: Describe about the Contraction of Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa? Answer: 1. Tissue Engineered Oral Mucosa Models An Oral mucosa which is artificially engineered consisting full thickness generally resembles the normal oral mucosa. It consists of several components as identical to the natural element (Barbagli and Lazzeri, 2015). A lamina propria was comprising of the three-dimensional scaffold, which is infiltrated by fibroblasts. These fibroblasts produces extracellular matrix (Heller et al. 2015). This structure can be effectively mimicked by seeding the oral fibroblasts in a biocompatible porous scaffold. This is followed by a long-term culturing protocol in the fibroblast differentiation medium (Bhargava et al. 2011). A researcher might have trouble such as reduced fibroblast infiltration, lack of porosity, shrinkage of scaffold along with rapid biodegradation of scaffold (Amemiya et al. 2015). A Continuous Basement Membrane (CBM) which separates the epithelia with lamina propia is involved in the engineering protocol. The associated basement membrane is characterized by the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), which clearly highlights the lamina lucida, anchoring fibers, and the lamina densa (Bucchieri et al 2012). The Immunostaining technique for the basement membrane antigens (e.g., type IV collagen, Laminin, Bullous Pemiphigoid Antigen, Fibronectin and Integrin) are considered quite useful for the characterization method (Cheng and Xie, 2012). A Stratified Squamous Epithelium is associated with the packed keratinocytes which is consist of basement membrane, undergoes migration to the surface of the buccal cavity. This structure can be efficiently imitated by the growth influence of in vitro keratinocytes of the oral cavity at an air and liquid interface within a transparent medium (containing keratinocyte growth factors, including Epidermal Growth Factor- EGF). The significant factors, which need to be highlighted, include the construction of keratinocyte invasion within the connective tissue layer (Bhargava et al. 2011). In order to speak to the difficulties and for the optimization in the construction of oral mucosa with full thickness, several factors need to be considered. This includes the following: i) Scaffolds ii) Cell Source iii) Culture Medium The detailed analysis of each of these structures are highlighted below: i) Scaffolds The scaffold is considered as in an important element of the oral mucosa. It helps to support the cells of associated to the surface. Thereby, choosing the suitable scaffold would be highly recommendable. An appropriate scaffold would include effective biocompatibility, biostability, porosity along with efficient mechanical properties(Amemiya et al. 2015). The scaffolds, which are used in the oral mucosa along with the skin reconstruction techniques, are found to be associated with several distinct categories. These are as follows; The details of each of the structures are mentioned below: a) Fibroblast-populated skin substitutes b)Naturally derived Scaffolds (acellular dermis and the amniotic membrane) c) Collagen-based scaffolds d) Fibrin based materials e) Gelatin based scaffolds f) Hybrid Scaffolds g) Synthetic Scaffolds (polymers) Naturally Derived Scaffolds Acellular Dermis Acellular Cadaveric Dermis under the brand name AlloDermTM is a scaffold, which is generally used for tissue engineering especially in the oral mucosa. It is non-immunogenic which has dual polarity. One side consists of the basal lamina, which is suitable for the epithelial cells. On the other hand, the perfect channels of the vessel are influenced by the fibroblast infiltration (Dickhuth et al. 2015). The De-Epidermalized Dermis (DED) are used for the preparation of epidermal-dermal composites. It is subsequently used for reconstruction of hard palate mucosal epithelium samples. The De-Epidermalized Bovine Tongue Mucosa is used as a substrate for the keratinocyte culture (Amemiya et al. 2015). The De-Epidermalized Dermis is generally prepared from the thickned skin with split texture on removing the epidermis and the dermal fibroblasts. The basic advantages of De-Epidermalized Dermis (DED) are as follows: a) Ability to retain the structural properties (even at low temperature or frozen) b) Lyophilization c) Ability to remain preserved in glycerol solution Collagen-based Scaffolds Pure Collagen Scaffolds Various scientists and researchers have developed the in vitro oral mucosal model by culturing normal keratinocytes on skin collagen isolated from the bovines in gels containing fibroblasts. Further, this set up was co-cultured in reconstruction medium (Barbagli and Lazzeri, 2015). By developing this technique, they have made a well defined mucosal model that is similar to the local tissues. In further research works scientists developed this model and they cultured oral mucosal tissue by using a telopeptide type I mixed with sponge matrix of contracted bovine skin collagen gels (CCG). This model was composed of lamina propia and fibroblasts embedded in CCG and collagen sponge and cell layers of stratified cell layers present in the surface of the lamina propia (Gauvin et al. 2012). The advantage of this model is that it provides a substrate and base for the formation of keratinocyte multilayer (Barbagli and Lazzeri, 2015). The significant finding of this research model was the detec tion of laminin expression between the epithelium tissue and lamina propia. However, expression of type IV collagen and hemodesmosome is not recognized and found during this experiment. Moreover, it was found that higher amount of extracellular matrix (ECM) was synthesized in three dimensional porous scaffold model (Heller et al. 2015). This scaffold model was named after the founder and is known as Moriyamas model. In further research and experiments, Roubhia and Deslauriers carried out another technique in which they mixed bovine skin collagen with the oral fibroblasts of the normal human being and produced engineered lamina propia (Dickhuth et al. 2015). They further seeded oral epithelial cells on this matrix and allowed them to grow and proliferate in an air-liquid interface. However, to track the proliferation rate of the oral epithelial cells the increase in the production of marker Ki-67 and cytokeratins K14, K19, K10 was measured (Barbagli and Lazzeri, 2015). It has been fo und that Keratinocytes interacts by producing laminarin basement proteins and integrins with the fibroblast. Moreover, this experiment also showed that oral mucosa can produce TNF- (tumor necrosis factor alpha), interleukins like IL-1 and IL-8, metalloproteases like gelatinase A and gelatinase B. However, it was found that collagen-based scaffolds have poor mechanical properties and cross linking of collagen tissues results in calcification (Bhargava et al. 2011). i) Cell Source Apart from the Scaffold, the other important factor, which needs to be considered in oral mucosa, is the type and origin of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The fibroblasts are generally isolated on the primary dermal layer of skin by an oral mucosal biopsy. These tissues are used for early passage associated with the tissue engineering (Lanzaet al. 2011). This is because the extracellular matrix production that provided by the dermal fibroblasts tends to decrease, as the passage number increases. The Keratinocytes are found to be obtained from different sites in an oral cavity (e.g. hard palate). The usual active human keratinocytes need to be used at the early passage. However, the immortalized keratinocytes (e.g. HaCaT cells or TR146 cells) can be efficiently used in the reconstruction of oral mucosal test models in respect to its extended passage (Barbagli and Lazzeri, 2015). On the other hand, the epidermal differentiation associated with the transformed keratinocytes is considere d imperfect as the decisive steps of terminal differentiation does not take place. The tumor cells are considered anomalous and thereby it is not used for any clinical usage (Gil et al. 2015). ii) Culture Medium Frequently used cultural medium associated with the oral mucosa reconstruction is the Dulbeccos Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)-Hams F-12 Medium (3:1). This is usually supplemented with the Fetal Calf Serum (FCS) along with other elements such as Glutamine, Adenine, Insulin, Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Transferrin, Tri-Iodothyronine, Hydrocortisone, Fungizone, Streptomycin, and Penicillin (Heller et al. 2015). Human Oral Mucosa which is formed by tissue engineering, was found to be equivalent to the Serum-free culture medium, was considered as an efficient protocol, associated with the context (Dickhuth et al. 2015). The elimination of the usage of serum and thereby the irradiation of mouse fibroblast feeder layers are associated with this memorandum, which minimized the exposure of human grafts recipients. This is related to the effect of the xenogeneic DNA which is present in the irradiates mouse 3T3 cells and the serum. It can be analyzed that the same techniques were followed for the human conjunctiva along with the oral mucosa corresponding (Cheng and Xie, 2012). The demonstration was based on the fact that the keratinocytes of oral mucosa and its perfusion is associated with the medium. Moreover, it is observed that it enhances the viability of the cell along with the proliferation while cultured in porous three-dimensional (3D) matrix of collagen-GAG. This provides a cross-linkage between the glutaraldehyde structures associated with the model (Brauchle and Schenkeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Layland, 2013). Contraction of the tissue highlights towards the movement of the muscles, which is mainly regulated by several co-factors. Myofibroblast plays a cruicial role in the contraction mechanism. It helps to decrease the size of the muscle by gripping towards the edges of the muscles. This is mostly present within the smooth muscle cells. Both the effects of cell proliferation along with apoptosis is monitored by the phenomenon of contraction, which is effectively monitored in this experiment (Osman et al 2015). 2. Spectral Profile of Controlled and Drug Induced Model Proper monitoring of the tissue-engineered constructs is considered as an important component for the successful implementation of any tissue engineered techniques. To demonstrate and monitor the visible biochemical changes within the collagen cross-links of both controlled and drug-induced tissue engineered model, Raman spectroscopy is primarily used (Brauchle and Schenkeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Layland, 2013). Raman spectroscopy provides a simple and rapid method for monitoring the quality of the tissue-engineered components and thus contains information regarding the biochemical properties of the cells and tissues (Gauvin et al. 2012). The application of the infrared Raman spectroscopy may be demonstrated by monitoring the tissue engineered constructs, which are stressed by high temperature and are exposed to a high concentration of calcium (much higher than the normal value) (Gauvin et al. 2012). Thus, analyzing the Raman spectra helps in understanding the correlation of the CH2 deformatio n ratio about the phenylalanine ring. The histology and the morphological changes of the tissue-engineered mucosa provide the data regarding the concentration of the glucose consumption that helps in revealing information regarding the specific and sensitive changes in the secondary structure of the protein. Tissue-engineered oral mucosa cells have been treated with a particular antibiotic rapamycin, which helps in understanding the proliferation and capacity of the cells (Cheng and Xie, 2012). A separate set of control has also been kept for making a clear distinction between the control and the rapamycin treated tissue engineered cells (Cheng and Xie, 2012). Figure 1.Raman spectroscopy showing the change in wavelength Introduction of a sugar molecule (for example mannitol, sorbitol, and glucose) during the process of tissue engineering has been analyzed by implementing the method of FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). The studies helps in understanding the interaction between the chitostana and the gelatin fibres present which helps in the formation of the ionic and covalent bonds. The bonding helps in making strong collagen fibres, which helped in revealing the structure of the collagen fibres (Cheng and Xie, 2012). Thus spectral analysis by FTIR helps in understanding and revealing the nature and bonding of the collagen fibres during the process of tissue engineering (Votteler et al. 2012). Tissue engineering is considered as one of the most dynamic and important method for assisting tissue engineering of oral mucosa. The analysis by Raman spectra also reveals the data in response to the present of an antibiotic. Thus, it can be stated that in presence of an antibiotic rapamycin ther e is a change little increase in the wavelength in presence of an antibiotic (Brauchle and Schenkeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Layland, 2013). The Raman spectroscopy has been supported by the FTIR analysis, which helps in understanding regarding the various surface properties associated with the introduction of the antibiotic. The FTIR analysis also helps in understanding regarding the change in wave number in accordance with the spectral data produced and thus helps in facilitating the proper tissue engineering techniques in terms of oral cell mucosa (Gauvin et al. 2012). This also helps to assess the various numbers of biochemical changes produced in normal skin caused by the tissue engineered oral cell mucosa. Cluster analysis helps in the evaluation of the vibration modes, which is associated in understanding and revealing the structure of the associated protein, which indicates changes in the secondary conformation of the various changes in the tissue. FTIR spectra are primarily acquired in aspect of three experimental configuration which includes transmission, reflection-absorption and total reflection which includes the fraction of total attenuated radiation (ATR). The spectral analysis also helps in understanding of the various anatompophological characteristics of both the control and the antibiotic treated tissue cells (Heller et al. 2015). Thus, the present change in the wavelength and wave numbers of a particular tissue represents a valuable data for organ and tissue reconstruction (Barbagli and Lazzeri, 2015). The control has been subjected to two different kinds of stress, which includes thermal changes and increase in the concentration of the calcium. The changes helped in understanding regarding the various changes in the value of the wavelength in terms of the data obtained with the help of Raman spectroscopy and FTIR. The CH2 band ratios also helped in revealing the ratio of the phenylalanine bonds in terms of thermal stress and higher concentration of the calcium molecules. Thus, because of small variation in execution of the productive protocol, the specific variability in the tissue engineered cells can be understood (Cheng and Xie, 2012). Thus, both Raman and FTIR provide effective data in understanding the overall change in the wavelength produced in response to the presence of antibiotic rapamycin. The antibiotic rapamycin thus disrupts the various bonds and thereby leads to an overall increase in the wavelength of the resulting spectroscopy analysis (Dickhuth et al. 2015). 3. Monitoring the effects of B-APN The effect of APN on a drug induced model is described in the graph presented below: It can be analyzed from this graphical interpretation that there is a considerable increase in the slope. The activity of absorbance doubles itself within 60 minutes, which highlights towards the higher efficiency of the graphical analysis (Heller et al. 2015). 4. Constructing a Chemo-metric Modeling system Chemo-metrics would be an effective parameter related to the article. It reflects towards the usage of statistical and mathematical protocol in order to improve the understanding of chemical information and thereby correlate the quality parameters associated to it. The patterns of the data are modeled, which are routinely applied to the future data to predict the same quality parameters (Cheng and Xie, 2012). The result attained from the chemo-metric approach focuses towards gaining efficiencies in assessing the product quality. More efficient laboratory practices are highlighted through this quality control system. Hence, for constructing the chemo-metric modeling system for analyzing the spectral data, an appropriate instrumentation along with an effective and interconnectivity software (for interpreting the patterns of the obtained data) needs to be implemented on the primary basis (Bhargava et al. 2011). Chemo-metrics provides the spectroscopists the various ways to solve the calibration issues, which are interrelated to the spectral data. It is recommendable that the construction of chemo-metric modeling system should be monitored is such a way that helps to enhance the developmental methods significantly and thereby make effective routine use of the statistical models for data analysis(Amemiya et al. 2015). Implementing Unscrambler for analyzing the spectroscopic data, modeling, classifying the data analyzed and thereby predicting to meet the protocol of quality assurance and monitoring would be an effective step related to the context. The researcher would be requiring other equipments for constructing an effective chemo-metric system which are stated below: A Spectroscopic data pre processing unit, which would help to reduce and thereby rectify the interferences such as overlapped bands, scattering, baseline drifts and the path length variations is considered as the primary equipment associated to the research study (Gauvin et al. 2012). Recommending Multiplicative Scatter Correction (MSC) pretreatment device would be effective as it would focus towards building a reliable relationship between the cell structure content present within the tissue engineered oral mucosa and the spectral data for scatter correction (Brauchle and Schenkeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Layland, 2013). Establishing an effective Calibration and Diagnostic means of sample from the tissue engineered oral mucosa would be effective for the system. Variable selection of the sample would be helpful in deducing an effective result calculation and thereby rebuilding representative and reliable model (Gil et al. 2015). Model integration along with Model Validation would be helpful in develop the rigorous prediction system. Considerable it would be helpful in measuring the Quality Control (QC) and formulating the relative time product quality and protocol monitoring (Cheng and Xie, 2012). Apart from these requirements, the spectroscopists would be requiring the following chemo-metric software package in order to deduce the data associated to the context. This includes the following: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) SIMCA and PLS-DA Classification Regression (PLS, PCR, MLR, 3-way PLS) and Prediction (Heller et al. 2015) After gathering all the equipments along with the software package, the basic data analysis process is carried out in a systematic order. Figure: Flowchart representing the protocol for Chemo-metric System (Gil et al. 2015) Data input is considered as the most overlooked stage associated to the protocol. This is the main crucial stage in the entire instrumentation (Gauvin et al. 2012). The data, which is analyzed, is efficiently transferred into the software device. The proprietary collection software converts this protocol in a complex manner. The outliers are removed subsequently, which is considered as a delicate procedure. This is followed by a Grubbs test, which mainly helps to detect the outliers. The false outliers, which are present at the extreme point f the system and thereby appear infrequently within the data are subsequently removed (Amemiya et al. 2015). On the other hand, the true outliers (samples and variables which are statistically different from one another) are effectively removed (Barbagli and Lazzeri, 2015). The next stage involves the protocol of Preprocessing. The main goal associated to the preprocessing stage involves the removal of variation within the data, which does not pertain to the analytical information (Brauchle and Schenkeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Layland, 2013). The typical preprocessing methods, which can be analyzed for evaluating the cell lines of oral mucosa, would include the following: Baseline Correction Mean Centering Normalization Orthogonal Signal Correction Multiplicative Scatter Correction Savitsky-Golay Derivatisation The output, which is attained from this experimental setup, is mainly classified into two types, i.e. Qualitative and Quantitative segments. The Qualitative model would mainly highlight the classified models, effects of classification and the evidences behind classification error. On the other hand, the Quantitative segment would focus towards the prediction models and the involvement of RMSEC and RMSEP (Bhargava et al. 2011). References Amemiya, T., Nakamura, T., Yamamoto, T., Kinoshita, S. and Kanamura, N., 2015. Autologous Transplantation of Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cell Sheets Cultured on an Amniotic Membrane Substrate for Intraoral Mucosal Defects. Barbagli, G. and Lazzeri, M., 2015. Clinical experience with urethral reconstruction using tissue-engineered oral mucosa: a quiet revolution.European urology,68(6), pp.917-918. Bhargava, S., Patterson, J.M., Inman, R.D., MacNeil, S. and Chapple, C.R., 2011. Tissue-engineered buccal mucosa urethroplastyclinical outcomes.European urology,53(6), pp.1263-1271. Brauchle, E. and Schenkeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Layland, K., 2013. Raman spectroscopy in biomedicinenonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ invasive in vitro analysis of cells and extracellular matrix components in tissues.Biotechnology journal,8(3), pp.288-297. Bucchieri, F., Fucarino, A., Marino Gammazza, A., Pitruzzella, A., Marciano, V., Paderni, C., De Caro, V., Gabriella Siragusa, M., Lo Muzio, L., T Holgate, S. and E Davies, D., 2012. Medium-term culture of normal human oral mucosa: a novel three-dimensional model to study the effectiveness of drugs administration.Current pharmaceutical design,18(34), pp.5421-5430. Cheng, J.X. and Xie, X.S. eds., 2012.Coherent Raman scattering microscopy. CRC press. Chung, B.G., Lee, K.H., Khademhosseini, A. and Lee, S.H., 2012. Microfluidic fabrication of microengineered hydrogels and their application in tissue engineering.Lab on a Chip,12(1), pp.45-59. Dickhuth, J., Koerdt, S., Kriegebaum, U., Linz, C., Mller-Richter, U.D., Ristow, O., Kbler, A.C. and Reuther, T., 2015. In vitro study on proliferation kinetics of oral mucosal keratinocytes.Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology,120(4), pp.429-435. Gauvin, R., Chen, Y.C., Lee, J.W., Soman, P., Zorlutuna, P., Nichol, J.W., Bae, H., Chen, S. and Khademhosseini, A., 2012. Microfabrication of complex porous tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D projection stereolithography.Biomaterials,33(15), pp.3824-3834. Gil, R.S., Pags, C.M., Dez, E.G., Llames, S., Fuertes, A.F. and Vilagran, J.L., 2015. Tissue-Engineered Oral Mucosa Grafts for Intraoral Lining Reconstruction of the Maxilla and Mandible With a Fibula Flap.Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,73(1), pp.195-e1. Heller, M., Frerick-Ochs, E.V., Bauer, H.K., Schiegnitz, E., Flesch, D., Brieger, J., Stein, R., Al-Nawas, B., Brochhausen, C., Throff, J.W. and Unger, R.E., 2015. Tissue engineered pre-vascularized buccal mucosa equivalents utilizing a primary triculture of epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts.Biomaterials,77, pp.207-215. Kim, C.Y., Woo, Y.J., Lee, S.Y. and Yoon, J.S., 2014. Postoperative Outcomes of Anophthalmic Socket Reconstruction Using an Autologous Buccal Mucosa Graft.Journal of Craniofacial Surgery,25(4), pp.1171-1174. Kim, R.Y., Fasi, A.C. and Feinberg, S.E., 2014. Soft tissue engineering in craniomaxillofacial surgery.Annals of maxillofacial surgery,4(1), p.4. Kinikoglu, B., Damour, O. and Hasirci, V., 2015. Tissue engineering of oral mucosa: a shared concept with skin.Journal of Artificial Organs,18(1), pp.8-19. Lanza, R., Langer, R. and Vacanti, J.P. eds., 2011.Principles of tissue engineering. Academic press. Lu, Q., Al-Sheikh, O., Elisseeff, J.H. and Grant, M.P., 2015. Biomaterials and tissue engineering strategies for conjunctival reconstruction and dry eye treatment.Middle East African journal of ophthalmology,22(4), p.428. Lv, X.G., Feng, C., Fu, Q., Xie, H., Wang, Y., Huang, J.W., Xie, M.K., Atala, A., Xu, Y.M. and Zhao, W.X., 2015. Comparative study of different seeding methods based on a multilayer SIS scaffold: Which is the optimal procedure for urethral tissue engineering?.Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. MacNeil, S., 2012. Biomaterials for tissue engineering of skin.Materials today,11(5), pp.26-35. MacNeil, S., Shepherd, J. and Smith, L., 2011. Production of tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa for clinical and experimental use. In3D cell culture(pp. 129-153). Humana Press. Moharamzadeh, K., Brook, I.M., Van Noort, R., Scutt, A.M. and Thornhill, M.H., 2007. Tissue-engineered oral mucosa: a review of the scientific literature.Journal of dental research,86(2), pp.115-124. Moharamzadeh, K., Colley, H., Murdoch, C., Hearnden, V., Chai, W.L., Brook, I.M., Thornhill, M.H. and MacNeil, S., 2012. Tissue-engineered oral mucosa.Journal of dental research,91(7), pp.642-650. Neel, E.A.A., Chrzanowski, W., Salih, V.M., Kim, H.W. and Knowles, J.C., 2014. Tissue engineering in dentistry.Journal of dentistry,42(8), pp.915-928. Nunes, l.f.m., de nazar alves de oliveira, c.a.m.i.l.a., dos santos, e.b. and MESQUITA, R.A., 2014. Epidemiology of the Oral Mucosa Lesion in Elderly Patients.Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology,117(2), p.e205. Oie, Y., Hayashi, R., Takagi, R., Yamato, M., Takayanagi, H., Tano, Y. and Nishida, K., 2010. A novel method of culturing human oral mucosal epithelial cell sheet using post-mitotic human dermal fibroblast feeder cells and modified keratinocyte culture medium for ocular surface reconstruction.British Journal of Ophthalmology,94(9), pp.1244-1250. Osman, N.I., Hillary, C., Bullock, A.J., MacNeil, S. and Chapple, C.R., 2015. Tissue engineered buccal mucosa for urethroplasty: Progress and future directions.Advanced drug delivery reviews,82, pp.69-76. Osman, N.I., Hillary, C., Bullock, A.J., MacNeil, S. and Chapple, C.R., 2015. Tissue engineered buccal mucosa for urethroplasty: Progress and future directions.Advanced drug delivery reviews,82, pp.69-76. Park, S.W., Lee, H., Lee, H.J., Chung, H., Park, J.C., Shin, S.K., Lee, S.K. and Lee, Y.C., 2014. Esophageal mucosal mast cell infiltration and changes in segmental smooth muscle contraction in noncardiac chest pain.Diseases of the Esophagus. Patterson, J.M., Bullock, A.J., MacNeil, S. and Chapple, C.R., 2011. Methods to reduce the contraction of tissue-engineered buccal mucosa for use in substitution urethroplasty.European urology,60(4), pp.856-861. Payne, K.F., Balasundaram, I., Deb, S., Di Silvio, L. and Fan, K.F., 2014. Tissue engineering technology and its possible applications in oral and maxillofacial surgery.British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,52(1), pp.7-15. Sheth, R., Neale, M.H., Shortt, A.J., Massie, I., Vernon, A.J. and Daniels, J.T., 2014. Culture and characterization of oral mucosal epithelial cells on a fibrin gel for ocular surface reconstruction.Current eye research, (0), pp.1-11. Sheth, R., Neale, M.H., Shortt, A.J., Massie, I., Vernon, A.J. and Daniels, J.T., 2014. Culture and characterization of oral mucosal epithelial cells on a fibrin gel for ocular surface reconstruction.Current eye research, (0), pp.1-11. Visan, I., 2015. Oral mucosa Langerhans cells.Nature immunology,16(9), pp.906-906. Votteler, M., Carvajal Berrio, D.A., Pudlas, M., Walles, H., Stock, U.A. and Schenkeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Layland, K., 2012. Raman spectroscopy for the nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ contact and nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ destructive monitoring of collagen damage within tissues.Journal of biophotonics,5(1), pp.47-56. Watanabe, E., Yamato, M., Shiroyanagi, Y., Tanabe, K. and Okano, T., 2011. Bladder augmentation using tissue-engineered autologous oral mucosal epithelial cell sheets grafted on demucosalized gastric flaps.Transplantation,91(7), pp.700-706. Winterroth, F., Kato, H., Kuo, S., Feinberg, S.E., Hollister, S.J., Fowlkes, J.B. and Hollman, K.W., 2014. High-Frequency Ultrasonic Imaging of Growth and Development in Manufactured Engineered Oral Mucosal Tissue Surfaces.Ultrasound in medicine biology,40(9), pp.2244-2251. Xie, M., Xu, Y., Song, L., Wang, J., Lv, X. and Zhang, Y., 2014. Tissue-engineered buccal mucosa using silk fibroin matrices for urethral reconstruction in a canine model.Journal of Surgical Research,188(1), pp.1-7.

Mormon Book Essays - Book Of Mormon Witnesses, Three Witnesses

Mormon Book Joseph Smith, the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints claimed that he received the Book of Mormon as a revelation from God. He said that the heavenly being Moroni appeared to him and directed him to some buried gold plates which contained ancient writings. His task then, was to translate these ancient writings with the help of seer stones which were also buried with the gold plates. Smith received strict directions from the heavenly being that he was to show the plates to no one except for appointed individuals. The Book of Mormon in its preface identifies these as eleven persons: the three witnesses and the eight witnesses. A student of religion would now be interested in knowing something about these witnesses, for only then can we evaluate their worth as witnesses. The Book of Mormon names the three witnesses as Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, and Martin Harris. The book also names the eight witnesses as follows: Christian Whitmer, Jacob Whitmer, Peter Whitmer, Jr., John Whitmer, Hiram Page, Joseph Smith, Sr., Hyrum Smith, and Samuel H. Smith. Who were these persons? And what can we know about them that would give us reason to either believe or disbelieve them as witnesses in this most important matter? A good place to look for information would be the publications of the Mormons themselves, since they should more than anyone else be interested in preserving histories of their principal witnesses. This approach could be used at least as a starting point for gathering information before further scrutiny and investigative work. In this study I would like to turn to two books published by the Mormons to find information about the chief witnesses. The first book is the Doctrine and Covenant, a book of authoritative scriptures for the Mormons. The second book is Church History Timeline by William W. Slaughter, published by Desert Book Company, in Salt Lake City, Utah, 1996. What follows is a brief look at the information these books contain about the witnesses and other key persons associated with the Book of Mormon. My intention here is not to provide a summary of the entire body of information but only to show that what we learn from these books do not give us much confidence in the witnesses and hence in the Book of Mormon itself. The first of the three witnesses is Oliver Cowdery, a rural schoolteacher. He was a scribe to Joseph Smith, and associate president of the Church. In April 12,1838 he was excommunicated from the Mormon Church. He was rebaptized ten years later in November 1848 and died March 3, 1850. Reading this, one must wonder why this chief witness was excommunicated during the lifetime of Joseph Smith his prophet, and be allowed back in the church after his prophet died. Smith was martyred on June 27, 1844. The second of the three witnesses is Martin Harris. He was a prosperous farmer who was known as industrious, honest, and generous. It was his $3000 that financed the first 5,000 copies of the Book of Mormon. But, as William Slaughter informs us: Harris clashed with Church leaders over monetary practices and was excommunicated in December 1837; he was rebaptized November 27, 1842. (Church History Timeline, p. 5). The same Martin Harris was given 116 pages of the book of Mormon after Joseph Smith had translated them with the help of the seer stones. But then he allowed wicked men to take these pages for the purpose of corrupting the translation and then to accuse Joseph Smith of falsehood in his prophetic claim. Why would Martin Harris do this? The Doctrine and Covenants explains that he was a wicked man who sought to destroy Joseph Smith. Joseph Smith relates in his history how Martin Harris had previously taken sample characters from the book of Mormon along with the relevant translation of those characters and received confirmation of these in New York City from a professor Charles Anton and Dr. Mitchell. These men attested that the characters were true characters of the Egyptian, Chaldaic, Assyriac and Arabic, and that the translation so far done by Joseph Smith was accurate. Now, one may wonder why did Harris, after he had received this confirmation, should seek to destroy Joseph Smith. And what value should we attach to the testimony of a man who sought to destroy one whom he believed was God's prophet? Since the Doctrine and Covenants call Harris a wicked man, should we place confidence in his testimony? Or should we

Words with the -ster Suffix

Words with the -ster Suffix Words with the -ster Suffix Words with the -ster Suffix By Mark Nichol The suffix -ster originated in Old English as -ister, serving to turn a verb into an agent noun, one describing a person who (or thing that) performs an action. Beginning its linguistic life as the feminine equivalent of -er, it survives in the specifically feminine noun spinster- originally, â€Å"a woman who spins,† but now a label for an older unmarried woman. In Middle English, the suffix lost its gender-specific function. Surnames that were originally agent nouns denoting occupations include Baxter (â€Å"baker†), Brewster (â€Å"beer maker†), and Webster (â€Å"weaver†); linguists are divided about whether these terms were exclusively applied to female practitioners of various crafts or referred to men as well. Another occupational term, teamster, originally referred to a wagon driver and later to a truck driver; this profession gave its name to the trade union called the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, which includes workers in many other trades. Other words that we hardly notice include the suffix include gangster and mobster, both referring to members of criminal organizations. (Bankster is a recent play on the former word, alluding to allegedly felonious acts of bank executives.) A slang term for one who plays basketball is hoopster, and young and old people are referred to as youngsters and oldsters respectively. Less common words include chorister (a member of a chorus), pollster (someone involved in developing or carrying out polls), and tipster (an informant). Most -ster constructions are neutral in tone, but two derisive appellations are hipster, referring to a person who self-consciously follows an alternative lifestyle, and scenester, someone who is ostentatiously immersed in a trendy social scene. Various words for people who practice various forms of humor include gagster, jokester, prankster, punster, and quipster. Trickster refers to a dishonest person or to one who, like a stage magician, uses tricks to benignly deceive others; in folkloric studies, the term denotes a type of god or other supernatural figure who is cunning or who practices deception. Two terms that refer to things rather than people are dragster (a car used in drag races) and roadster (a convertible sports car). Although lobster is likely an agent noun- from loppe, an Old English word meaning â€Å"spider,† and -ster, its name is folk etymology based on the Latin word locustra (also the origin of locust)- some words that end in -ster are not related. Monster, for example, is based on the Latin term monstrum, meaning â€Å"monster† or â€Å"omen.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of InfinitivesA While vs AwhileWords That Begin with Q

Hades, Patron God of the Underworld in Greek Mythology

Hades, Patron God of the Underworld in Greek Mythology The Greeks called him the Unseen One, the Wealthy One, Pluoton, and Dis. But few considered the god Hades lightly enough to call him by his name. While he is not the god of death (thats the implacable Thanatos), Hades welcomed any new subjects to his kingdom, the Underworld, which also takes his name. The ancient Greeks thought it best not to invite his attention. The Birth of Hades Hades was the son of the titan Cronos and brother to the Olympian gods Zeus and Poseidon. Cronos, fearful of a son who would overthrow him as he vanquished his own father Ouranos, swallowed each of his children as they were born. Like his brother Poseidon, he grew up in the bowels of Cronos, until the day when Zeus tricked the titan into vomiting up his siblings. Emerging victorious after the ensuing battle, Poseidon, Zeus, and Hades drew lots to divide up the world they had gained. Hades drew the dark, melancholy Underworld, and ruled there surrounded by the shades of the dead, various monsters, and the glittering wealth of the earth. Life in the Underworld For the Greek god Hades, the inevitability of death ensures a vast kingdom. Eager for souls to cross the river Styx and join fief, Hades is also the god of proper burial. (This would include souls left with money to pay the boatman Charon for the crossing to Hades.) As such, Hades complained about Apollos son, the healer Asclepius, because he restored people to life, thereby reducing Hades dominions, and he inflicted the city of Thebes with plague probably because they werent burying the slain correctly. Myths of Hades The fearsome god of the dead figures in few tales (it was best not to talk about him too much). But Hesiod relates the most famous story of the Greek god, which is about how he stole his queen Persephone. The daughter of Demeter, the goddess of agriculture, Persephone caught the eye of the Wealthy One on one of his infrequent trips to the surface world. He abducted her in his chariot, driving her far below the earth and keeping her in secret. As her mother mourned, the world of humans withered: Fields grew barren, trees toppled and shriveled. When Demeter found out that the kidnapping was Zeus idea, she complained loudly to her brother, who urged Hades to free the maiden. But before she rejoined the world of light, Persephone partook of a few pomegranate seeds. Having eaten the food of the dead, she was compelled to return to the Underworld. The deal made with Hades allowed Persephone to spend one-third (later myths say one-half) of the year with her mother, and the rest in the company of her shades. Thus, to the ancient Greeks, was the cycle of seasons and the yearly birth and death of crops. Hades Fact Sheet Occupation:Â  God, Lord of the Dead Family of Hades:Â  Hades was a son of the Titans Cronos and Rhea. His brothers are Zeus and Poseidon. Hestia, Hera, and Demeter are Hades sisters. Children of Hades:Â  These include the Erinyes (the Furies), Zagreus (Dionysus), and Makaria (goddess of a blessed death) Other Names:Â  Haides, Aides, Aidoneus, Zeus Katachthonios (Zeus under the earth). The Romans also knew him as Orcus. Attributes:Â  Hades is depicted as a dark-bearded man with a crown, scepter, and key. Cerberus, a three-headed dog, is often in his company. He owns a helmet of invisibility and a chariot. Sources:Â  Ancient sources for Hades include Apollodorus, Cicero, Hesiod, Homer, Hyginus, Ovid, Pausanias, Statius, and Strabo.

Narrative Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Narrative - Assignment Example he narrator will increase in the future due to the sharing of what the narrator considered and embarrassment during the dinner at the high-end restaurant where the story ends with, Meg grinned. â€Å"Sure. All Americans slurp.† This will make the narrator and Meg have an understanding that they are equal and all are faced with different multicultural differences and similarities that they have the duty of helping each other to perform. This will aid the two of them to understand the need to help each other understand their differences, in the process generating a close band and augmenting their friendships. Meg will be very instrumental in teaching the narrator the ways and practices in America while the narrator will be responsible to relate the cultures and practices of the Chinese. Over time, the narrator and Meg will have a better understanding and mastery of the other friend’s culture and practice. Having helped each other, they will be appreciative of the roles played by the other and will make them close to each other through the times taken. They will be able to appreciate the differences and similarities in culture and nationality leading to the development of a bond between tem allowing for a close interaction and development of affection translating to better friendships in future to their adult lives. Being friends and having a good understanding of each other and the ability of the two to compromise as exemplified by the researcher to take a milk shake despite being full for the benefit of her friend shows the extend they can go for each other happiness. Meg is not disappointed or worried after the embarrassment of the narrator at her family’s dinner, shows that she is willing to understand the shortcomings of the narrator and is willing to take an extra mile to assist. They will, therefore, be ready t o do everything for each other to ensure they coexists in a peaceful and understanding manner with each other leading to the creation of strong

IPod Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

IPod Business Research - Essay Example Analysts studying Apple Inc. indicate that sales have declined not just for the iPod (drop of 30% compared to 2008), which is the product this paper will be focusing upon, but also for other notable products including the iMac (decline of 25%). However, they attribute the successful figures posted by the company to an increase in laptop sales by 35% in comparison to the quarter sales during the previous year. This puts forward a question as to the reasons that have contributed to a decline in iPod sales and the factors that have led to a similar drop for some of Apple’s other products. From the perspective of the analyst, the goal of making a product like the iPod is to generate revenue through sales and remain profitable through related business operations. Abramsky further cautions that the explosive growth in iPhone sales since its introduction in 2007, has been constantly decelerating the expansion of the iPod, whose presence is approaching a level of saturation within the consumer electronics market. While stagnation in iPod sales continues to be the primary factors for its continued innovation and the introduction of newer and sophisticated models, it must be taken into note that the industry had been warning of such a saturation from the past 4 years. Yet, Apple has made huge investments in further innovation of the iPod and continues to introduce attractive models that take the experience a step further for a music enthusiast. The iPod was introduced in 2001 and was a household name by 2005. The company sold the highest number of iPods in a quarter during 2009, although every iPhone also serves as an iPod with several other capabilities. Further, the number of available media for transferring information and content is increasing with each day and the popularity of the iTunes store, both for downloading music and

Effective Active Listening Skills Essay Example for Free

Effective Active Listening Skills Essay Effective active listening is a must in every communication process. Everyday, people engage in communication processes, but some fail to perform effective active listening skills. Neglecting this important aspect of communication can hamper communication. In the video clip, Planning to Promote Socially Appropriate Behavior, we see how effective active listening skills work to attain communication among the participants. Four teachers serve as participants in the video clip. They are kindergarten teachers who express the importance of teaching affective communication skills. Each teacher is given her chance to express herself to the group, while others listen intently. Notably, several factors affect the success of their communication process, among which is effective active listening. The communication takes place in the school. The teachers are seated along one edge of a long table. Although the table is long, they sit closely with each other, which makes it easy for them to hear the one speaking. This way, they did not have to raise their voices or stand to be recognized before they speak. The environment and position of the teachers notably affect the communication process. Since there is the absence of noise, we find the environment conducive to achieving communication. Obviously, the teachers have a common concept in mind of what needs to be discussed. This is very important in every communication situation. Setting a target for the group will help facilitate understanding. For instance, when holding a faculty meeting, the head should identify the agenda in advance. By doing this, concerns which are not relevant to the given topic may be avoided. Particularly in this meeting, the teachers are exchanging ideas on how to teach affective skills to students. One of the teachers expresses that most of the students she encounters do not show respect in communicating with peers. She feels that students should be taught the proper way to approach others, including their teachers. This statement serves as the lead for other participants to discuss ways on how they incorporate affective skills in their classroom. Aside from serving as the lead, this statement also limits the discussion to one single topic. As Lansberger (1996) notes, active listening requires focusing intentionally on who you are listening to in order to understand what the person is saying. This does not mean agreeing with, but rather understanding what is being said. Particularly, we can note that the teachers in the video achieve focus by speaking one by one. This makes the message come across clearly, making the flow of thought more comprehensible and organized, thus allowing for effective active listening. In the same way, this helps the audience summarize more easily the points raised. Also, according to Lansberger, active listening is present when the listener is able to repeat back in her own words what is said. This pertains to the feedback part. Before one is able to report what she listens to, there is the process of internal communication in which the person tries to â€Å"digest† the perceived ideas. For instance, when we are listening to a lecture, we sometimes hear ourselves repeat exactly what our teacher says. This is a sign that we are listening actively. In the video, we see that the teachers are able to follow the ideas of their colleagues. In addition, although they do not repeat what their colleague is saying, at one point, one teacher is able to complement the thought of the speaker. This is a sign of effective active listening, as the listener is able to construct the statement at the same time the speaker is trying to convey it. Another sign that demonstrates effective active listening is the listeners facial reaction. As one teacher speaks, we can note that others react by nodding, winking, smiling, and sometimes even bending slightly towards the speaker to hear more clearly. Moreover, they take down notes while someone is speaking. Taking down notes can sometimes distract the speakers attention, thus some speakers prefer to give handouts to allow the audience to respond well during a lecture. However, in the video clip, we see that by looking at the speaker while writing, the teachers are still able to maintain the rapport with each other. Therefore, the gesture of taking down notes does not affect the communication process in this particular situation. Although the teachers in the video clip demonstrate evidences for effective active listening, there remain some points to be improved. In particular, the participants who have shared their views could elicit the views of one speaker who did not talk. While it is commendable for the others, especially the teacher wearing a black blouse, to share their views, it would also help if they give a chance to the other participant who has not talked. Eliciting ones opinion or asking for clarifications (i. e. , asking, What do you think? ) can help detect signs of effective active listening. Through this, the speaker can check if the audience is truly listening. When the listener responds coherently to the speakers idea, we can note active listening signs. Otherwise, the speaker should find out factors that hinder effective active listening. Such factors may include outside noise, thoughts of the listener, or language barriers.

Effects of Parental Relationships on Children as Evidenced by Shakespea

Effects of Parental Relationships on Children as Evidenced by Hamlet  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Families are the essential building blocks of the relationships we form in the later years of our lives. If we are given unconditional love by those we hold most dear, we learn to trust in others and their love for us. However, if we do not receive the appropriate attention, we may grow to believe that we are incapable of either being loved or loving others. These kinds of proceedings in a household may lead a child to a lifetime of troubling consequences. Just as important as the relationship they hold with us is the relationship between the mother and father that we grow up observing. Parents should maintain a healthy relationship in order to prevent their children from forming a skewed image of love and trust. After Hamlet’s experience with his mother’s incestuous remarriage to Claudius, he no longer sees love as a pleasant sentiment. Gertrude exclaims the exact basis of her son’s apparent madness when, in response to Claudius’s proclamation that Polonius knows the origin, she exclaims â€Å"I doubt it is no other but the main, / His father’s death and o†erhasty marriage.† (II. ii. 59-60). This swift and incestuous marriage suggests to Hamlet â€Å"the impermanence of human affection as well as of life, and it also, less obviously, compels him to think of the violation of the union which gave him his own life and being.† (Scott 110). He learns from this occurance that love is nothing but a fleeting emotion, with no meaning to it. This attitude towards love spills over into his treatment of Ophelia. Hamlet’s exclamation of â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman!† (I. ii. 152) applies in his mind, not only to Gertrude, but now al so to Ophelia. ... ... in others after forming a firm sense of one’s own identity, saying, â€Å"It is only when identity formation is well on its way that true intimacy â€Å" which is really a counterpointing as well as a fusing of identities â€Å" is possible.† (Staal 27). Although not all cases of divorce may end in this fashion, more than likely, most will. It is a difficult experience for children to adjust to and compensate for in their behavior. The same is true of Hamlet in respect to Gertrude’s rapid remarriage to the murderer of her recently departed husband. Her actions have an effect on her son’s way of thinking and ultimately, acting throughout the play. Love and trust are the two most difficult emotions for children in these situations to rebuild after a complicated experience. Therefore, to protect their children, parents should always maintain a healthy, cordial relationship.   

Does Robert Louis Stevenson explore the duality of human nature in Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

Written between 1884 and 1887, Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel, â€Å"the strange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde†, is about a well respected physician and his ‘other self’ Mr Hyde. Dr. Jekyll is described as a typical Victorian gentleman . [PD1] Dr Jekyll wanted to develop a potion because he believed he could create a perfectly righteous human being by destroying the evil of the mind and body. When he creates this potion, it doesn’t quite go according to plan. He takes the potion for the first time, but when he goes back to normal, he turns into Mr Hyde without taking the potion. Slowly, Mr Hyde starts to take over Dr Jekyll. When Dr Jekyll turns into Mr Hyde, it changes his appearance, because of this, no one wants to approach him or talk to him. During the time when the book was written, people who looked different or who had disabilities or deformities which are widely accepted today, were not liked and were usually shut away. This is why no one liked or talked to Hyde. There is proof of this in the lines â€Å"I had taken a loathing to the man at first sight† and â€Å"gave me a look so ugly, it brought out the sweat on me like running†. Dr Jekylls idea was that everyone had two sides to them, a good side and an evil side, a side of joy and a side of despair; there is a Mr Hyde in all of us. This was not the only novel of this time that hinted at duality, there were a few of other main plays. Two examples are Deacon Broodie, and Markheim, which is a short story. In the Victorian times, most people had very high morals, and so immoral things were rarely mentioned or talked about. Also, sex is rarely talked about in the book because everyone had such high morals, and so sex is something which would not be written and so was kept away from the public eye. [PD2] Throughout the novel, figurative language is used in various forms. One of the forms used is personification. Personification is used in many ways to try to help the reader to relate to the book, characters, and objects in the book. Another way figurative language is used is in the form of â€Å"similes† by saying things like â€Å"You start a question, and it’s like starting a stone. You sit quietly on the top of a hill; and away the stone goes, starting others; and presently some bland old bird (the last you would have thought of) is knocked on the head in his own back garden and the family have to change their name. No, sir, I make it a rule of mine: the more it looks like Queer Street, the less I ask.†[PD3] The novel was written when the world was not very advanced medically. In the world today, we know of illnesses such as schizophrenia. It is thought that the novel was written about someone who had schizophrenia which would be treated with medication nowadays. jekyll and hyde were indeed the same person and Dr Jekyll didn’t really have â€Å"an evil side† to him, it was just because he had a split personality disorder.

Nutrition and Health Worksheet

Nutrition and Health Worksheet use Ch. 1 of Contemporary Nutrition, Ch. 2 of Visualizing Nutrition, supplemental course materials, the university Library, the Internet, or other resources to answer the following questions. Your response to each question should be 75 to 100 words. 1 . What Is nutrition? Why Is nutrition essential to our dally lives? Nutrition Is the science of our Intake and utlllzatlon of food. Proper nutrltlon can help prevent or lessen the Instances of disease. Improper nutrltlon can lead to a weakened Immune system and even disease.In fact, A poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle are known to be risk factors for lite-threatening chronic diseases such as cardiovascular (heart) disease, hypertension, diabetes, and some forms of cancer. Furthermore a well-balanced diet can improve daily performance mentally, emotionally, physically and spiritually. Reference: Contemporary Nutrition, Eighth Edition Chapter 1: What You Eat and Why Author: Gordon M. wardlaw, PH. D. , Anne M. smithPH. D? R. D. , L. D. copyright C 2011 McGraw-Hill Company 2. What is the connection between nutrition and health?Nutrients are the substances obtained from food that are vital for growth and maintenance of a healthy body throughout life. † Study after study has shown that people who eat whole foods rich in nutrients enjoy vital health, longer life and a reduced risk of many diseases. Eating nutrient-rich foods can also help people to maintain healthy body weight; being overweight or obese has been found to be linked to numerous chronic diseases. If people are careful with their nutrition they can live almost worry free until their body naturally slows down. 3. What are the six classes of nutrients? What are essential nutrients?What are the sources of nutrients? What do nutrients do? The SIX classes of nutrients are Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water. According to Wardlaw and Smith essential nutrients are food substances that provide energy, Promote Growth, Development, Maintenance, and Regulate Body Processes. All six classes are essential nutrients that are broken up Into three subgroups according to their purpose. The sources of these nutrients include meats, nuts, fish, dairy, fruits and brings its unique and important value to promote health and welfare of the body, ind, and spirit. . How do vitamins and minerals work? Vitamins and minerals are needed by the body in such small amounts that they are called micronutrients. However they play a very important role that is divinely possible due to their chemical properties. Vitamins act like catalysts when it comes to nutrient processing. The body needs to utilize their precious chemical compounds and elements to release the energy from nutrients once they are inside the body. Minerals on the other hand are simple inorganic substance that helps build certain parts of our bodies. 5. What does it mean to eat a balanced diet?Why is food choice important for good nutrition? To eat a balanced diet one should make sure to take portions from all the nutrient classes appropriately. This may change from one person to the next and so we all should have a eating plan that helps us balance our ratios of meats, vegetables, fruit and nuts. The most neglected regimen is the recommended 5-9 servings of fruits and vegetables a day and these items are usually replaced with convenience food. Food choice is important for performance and well-being so we should be careful not to fall into social traps and pressure induced feeding frenzies. . What is undernutrition? What is overnutrition? Under-nutrition is a condition that occurs when a person consumes a diet that does not meet the requirements for the amount of essential nutrients or calories a person needs to remain healthy. This type of malnutrition can occur when people are not eating enough food, or when the food they are eating does not contain well-balanced nutrients. Over-nutrition occurs when a person consume s a diet that exceeds the requirements for the amount of essential nutrients, or the amount of calories a person needs to remain healthy.

One Thing Leads to Another essays

One Thing Leads to Another essays Karl Marx and Frederick Douglass, although they wrote about distinct issues, there are ties between Douglass' infamous What to the Slave is The Fourth of July? and from The Manifesto of the Communist Party by Marx. Douglass and Marx are marking actual events that flooded the populations' lives, as well as their lives. At first glance there is the assumption that they are non-related, but further analysis will prove that hypothesis otherwise. Douglass and Marx are writing revolutionary ideas for the times in which they live and for which the cultures in which they live. They are writing in societies that have great rifts between rich and poor, powerful and powerless. Both Douglass and Marx were engaged in organizations to help promote their views on civil issues. Douglass existed as a member of the Anti-Slavery Society and Marx was a member of the Communist League. The issues promoted by the two were both discussing current issues in their lives, more specifically, class struggles. Douglass talks about the division of slaves, while Marx talks about the divided social classes. Marx divided the social class into the Bourgeois and the Proletariat. The Bourgeois were modern capitalists, employers of wage laborers, and the owners of means of production, including work ethics and the physical instruments of production. The Proletariat were the class of the modern wage-laborers. They don't have their own means of production and therefore, they must sell their own labor to survive. This is just the same as Douglass discusses the slaves and tyrants. Marx took Hegel's theory that presents history as a "process in which the world becomes conscious of itself as spirit." With that, Marx argued that "as a man becomes conscious of himself as spirit, the material world causes him to feel increasingly alienated from himself. Escape from this alienation requires a revolution." This refers to What to the ...

How to Get an Internship in College When You Don’t Know Anybody

How to Get an Internship in College When You Don’t Know Anybody You know the drill. Good things happen to people who know people. That’s how internships and jobs are landed- personal connections. But what if you don’t know anyone? How are you supposed to get that internship, let alone a job? Here are four proactive and creative things that you can do to beat the odds.Brand YourselfIt’s never too early to craft a unique personal brand. That’s the kind of thing that really sings to recruiters, plus it shows a fluency with valuable social media platforms. Use your favorite apps to create a platform and an atmosphere around yourself and your particular skills and interests. And use web software and blog sites to showcase your best accomplishments online. Think of it as an online portfolio, no matter what your field.And keep it professional. Double-check your e-presence with the help of a site like Reppler.com. Then get involved in any important discussions in your chosen field.Be SpecificWhen you’re working on your resume and cover letter, do yourself a favor and make them as targeted specifically to the job or internship you want as possible. Try printing out both the job description and your resume and then go through both with a highlighter. You want as many keywords to overlap as possible. If you don’t have many, go back through and retool your resume. Then draft a customized cover letter for that particular position. It shows your thoroughness and also your level of investment- before you even get an interview.Go to the OfficeYour college or university has a career office for a reason. Use it. Career advisors are trained to help with general job search strategies, and can be an invaluable resource, but there are also career advisors there who have specific knowledge of the field you’re trying to break into. Go and pick their brains. Have them run a fine-toothed comb over your materials. Ask them for strategic advice. You never know what they could turn up, including companie s searching for candidates just like you!Go Above and BeyondThe rest is up to your professionalism and charm. Read up on the company before the interview. Practice your answers to typical sample questions. Get a good night’s sleep, dress appropriately, always be 10Â  minutes early. Shake hands with everyone. Make eye contact. Stay on your toes. Be personable and warm while making them see how qualified you are. Then write a thoughtful follow-up thank you email and address it to your interviewers by name.

Applied Information Technology Project Research Paper

Applied Information Technology Project - Research Paper Example The goal is for companies to minimize the potential for losses and maximize the use of limited resources for improvement. Risks are inherent and managing them will allow decision makers to provide sound strategies. Technological risks lead to a non?completion, under?performance the acquired product or service which likely is traced from supplier. Technological risks happen when suppliers fail to fulfill their promise of providing top notch product or service. Often suppliers encounter internal problems which include substandard technology, obsolete process or ineffective workforce. Companies often experience difficulty in shifting trajectories once a certain technology is used. This may create problems if the procurement takes place before competing technologies have been explored adequately. This risk should presumably be of particular relevance in procurement of products in the fluid phase (Utterback, 1994). Business Problem Statement This proposal explores on Hewlett-Packardâ€⠄¢s method of addressing supply chain issues using Procurement Risk Management (PRM). General Benefits Cost savings. The intention of developing a system such as PRM is to reduce cost of materials and other related costs. PRM is designed to provide flexible schemes that improve the planning and production processes. Moreover, PRM addresses pricing mechanisms that involve pricing and emphasizing value to the materials obtained from the suppliers. HP is involved in the production of materials to ensure that returns are reduced and quality is maintained. Supply availability. The level of supply needs to be maintained at levels that will sustain continuous business. The lack of supply is a big problem especially with firms that rely on such components. For technology manufacturers, memory chips are considered as the most volatile component in terms of supply. Most strategies involve signing long-term deals with suppliers including requirements such as marking clients as priority when su pply decreases. Cost prediction. Companies succeed because their cost forecasts are accurate hence cost planning is implemented. The proposed system aims to identify cost sources. Most important, unexpected costs are prevented and the results are met within the agreed budget. High Level Approaches Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) developed as a structured mechanism combining strategies, resources, technology, and knowledge to assess and manage the uncertainties that various enterprises face as value is being generated encounter (Hoffman, 2009). ERM facilitates effective management of risks that organizations encounter, and the management of potential opportunities entrenched in those risks. The main objectives of the Enterprise Risk Management approach can be summarized through these steps: measurable organizational goals have to be specified; organization has to determine the risks that can adversely affect the goals; methods need to be established to mitigate the risks (Francis an d Richards, 2007). Stebbing (1994) suggests some elements to be emphasized in creating quality manuals. These aspects include policy statement, authorities and responsibilities, organization, system element outlines, and list of procedures. To further ensure quality, the company has some lofty targets. By the time wherein the system has been deemed to be effective, the company will apply for an ISO certification. The recognition is concrete proof of the company’

Starting Up a Business That Involves The Supply of Green And Organic Assignment

Starting Up a Business That Involves The Supply of Green And Organic Groceries - Assignment Example The researcher states that he wants to start his business of natural and organic grocery delivery service which will mainly focus on the supply of fruits and vegetables because of the recent interest in fresh and green farm produce. The society is increasingly becoming aware of the need for environmentally friendly production of food and disposal of food waste. In addition, recent health concerns about junk food and unhealthy eating mean that there will be a special interest in green groceries. The business will fill the need of environmental and health conscious individuals who prefer greengroceries over genetically modified or junk food. In addition, there is a food shortage in some regions, and the never-ending need to eat means that there will always be a constant demand for food. A lesson from Bakers Edge and Shark Tank is that networking is essential in any business. The Shark Tank investors largely focus on networking as integral to the success of any business. A network is a structure that attracts and informs potential customers of the existence of a business. The network involves such things as aggressive marketing and endorsements from celebrity personalities. In addition, it is essential to identify potential investors and their networks. Bakers Edge interview on the Shark Tank show gave them considerable exposure and mileage in the bakery business. Oprah also hosted and endorsed their product.

Amazon's not so secret war on taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Amazon's not so secret war on taxes - Essay Example Amazon gains an advantage in the market but is that superior position justified on the basis of the fact that Amazon has the best strategy for dodging taxes as it is an online store while other big stores such as Barnes & Noble and Wal-Mart are traditional stores. Many of the businesspersons argue that a company’s superiority or success in the market can be recognized by the type and quality of products and services that they offer instead of their tax schemes. Amazon played a major role in preventing the law to be changed and used its power to argue to claims about taxes on internet purchases. The sales tax is an important consideration as there is a lot on question. The sales tax allows the state governments to collect a fair amount for infrastructure facilities, parks, schools, and streets, the big stores have their retail primacy at stake, and customers have their money and way of shopping at stake. But on the other hand, Amazon is most widely known for being customer frie ndly, affordable, crackling, and a reputed online store. Behind this is the truth of the struggling battler that stands firmly on its principle. However, the strong power and aggression of the other retail stores broke the tax avoidance scheme of Amazon and led the states to pass the Marketplace Fairness Act. Thus, with this act, all the efforts of Amazon to prevent the laws from changing ended in ultimate failure. Eventually, Amazon supported it too as it has physical existence in many of the states with their warehouses and had professionals working.

Effect of Creatine Supplementation

Effect of Creatine Supplementation Abstract Introduction The use of creatine supplements as an aid to enhance performance in sports shot to prominence after it was revealed that the British Olympic team had used said nutritional supplements in the build up to the Barcelona games of 1992. The Times (7 August 1992) reported that high profile athletes such as Linford Christie and Sally Gunnell had won gold medals while using creatine during their preparation. Although sometimes viewed as controversial by sections of the sporting community, creatine as a nutritional supplement is perfectly legal and its use is encouraged by certain sporting institutions. An example of this dilemma is within the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association), whereby the distribution of creatine by team coaches is banned but individual athletes are still allowed to procure the supplement themselves, although the Athletic Management journal, among others, postulates that this was done in order to level the playing field rather than as a result of a side effect discovery (NCAA clamps down on supplements, 2000: 12.5). Creatine is a naturally occurring substance found mainly in meat and fish {{2 Herda,T.J. 2009; }} that was first isolated in skeletal muscle by Michel-Eugà ¨ne Chevreul in 1832 and given its name from the derivation of the Greek word for flesh, Kreas. Twelve years later, the German scientist Justus von Liebig theorised that this compound was necessary to produce muscular action in vertebrates after observing foxes in the wild and comparing their creatine levels to those in captivity. He even went as far as to harvest his own supply of creatine from the foxes and marketed it as Fleisch Extrakt, proclaiming that it would allow the body to do more work and for over a century this was the only creatine supplement ever produced. It has been established by the scientific community that increased ingestion of creatine as a dietary supplement will lead to an increase in the total creatine (TC) and phosphocreatine (PC) concentrations in skeletal muscle {{10 Finn,J.P. 2001;11 Harris,R.C. 1992; 14 Greenhaff,P.L. 1994; }}. PC is simply the phosphorylated form of creatine that is found mainly in skeletal muscle which is utilized during high-intesity exercise to quickly replace the diminished adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores {{2 Herda,T.J. 2009; }}. This is achieved through the actions of the enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) which is found in high concentrations in muscles, allowing for swift replenishment of ATP despite the rising levels of intracellular adenosine diphosphate (ADP) that occurs during exercise {{2 Herda,T.J. 2009; }}. Ergo increasing the bodies creatine stores should result in an improved ability to regenerate the skeletal muscle fibres ATP stores and consequently lead to improved performance a nd delayed onset of fatigue during bouts of high-intensity exercise (Hargreaves, M. 2006). The aim of this paper is to review the current literature regarding creatines supposed beneficial effect on muscle performance and determine what is the optimal method of delivering the supplement to the skeletal muscle. Since creatine became fashionable in the mid 1990s, numerous sports supplement companies have been researching how it can best be administered into the body, with regards to dose size, timing and the different forms of creatine now available. Other factors need to be considered such as potential side effects and certain population groups who may be at risk when using creatine. The general consensus is that it does work as an ergogenic aid; defined by Leuthholtz and Kreider (2001) as a technique or practice that serves to increase performance capacity, the efficiency to perform work, the ability to recover from exercise, and/or the quality of training thereby promoting greater training adaptations. Another aim of this paper is to examine the mechanisms behind creatine s beneficial effects and where these improvements take place i.e. specific muscle fibre types. It is also important to consider what is meant by improvement; does it mean performance in specific exercises or just in muscle development in general? Are there particular sports events where the improvements are marked and easily noticeable? The two enzymes required for de novo (endogenous) synthesis of creatine in humans, transamidinase and methyltransferase, are found in the kidneys, pancreas and liver {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. Therefore creatine needs to be transported via the bloodstream to the muscles where it is needed and it has been found that the normal range of creatine concentration within plasma is between 50 and 100  µmol/L {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. To determine the total amount of creatine in the body, the levels of both the free form (FC) and phosporylated forms need to be combined. The present day analysis is that for a man of 70kg, his TC will amount to approximately 120g, with a turnover (of creatine to creatinine, the break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle) estimated at about 1.6% per day {{19 HOBERMAN,H.D. 1948; }}. This equates to about 2g in an average male, which is replaced by both endogenous and exogenous sources, the latter coming mainly from meat and fish as mentioned earlier, w ith herring being a particularly good example {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. In 1986, Hoogwerf et al calculated that the average creatine intake in a mixed diet was 1g per day so the remaining gram has to be made up by endogenous synthesis, while those individuals whose diet lacks creatine completely due to insufficient animal produce intake, such as vegetarians or vegans, will have to make up their daily intake entirely through endogenous means {{21 Delanghe,J. 1989; }}. In terms of distribution, skeletal muscle is home to 95% of the TC found in the body, two-thirds of which is in the phosphorylated form {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. The remaining 5% is found mostly in the brain, heart and testes. Ageing appears to have no effect on the total amount of TC found within skeletal muscles, but levels of PC were found to be lower in untrained elderly individuals compared to their younger counterparts, while FC was found in higher concentrations in the elderly cohort {{22 Moller,P. 1982; }}. A subsequent training study by Moller and co-workers revealed that once the elderly individuals had undertaken some basic exercise, their FC and PC levels more closely resembled those of the younger group. This points to a conclusion that inactivity will result in the dephosphorylation of creatine, a process that can easily be reversed by a return to training. A 1989 study by Tesch et al showed that type II muscle fibres have higher concentrations of PC than their type I counterparts, during resting state. These findings are to be expected since the anaerobic type II fibres use PC as their major storage fuel so that ATP can be generated quickly, as opposed to the type I slow twitch fibres that primarily use triglycerides as their main source of fuel. Before exploring creatines proposed effects on muscle performance and development, it is important to consider how its ingestion actually influences the bodies stores. In 1992 Harris et al showed that ingesting 5g of creatine monohydrate resulted in the elevation of the level of creatine in plasma, one hour later, from 50-100  µmol/L to over 500  µmol/L. Unfortunately the only research conducted that has uncovered the mechanism behind creatines transport from bloodstream into muscle was done in rats {{27 Fitch,C.D. 1966; }}. It was found that the intracellular trapping of creatine and a saturable process allowed for transport of the compound from the bloodstream across to the muscle and explained the high creatine content of the skeletal muscle. Perhaps surprisingly, this is still the most we know about this particular mechanism after over 40 years and is definitely an area that is prime for future research. Creatine monohydrate versus creatine ethyl ester While creatine monohydrates (CM) use is widespread, creatine ethyl ester (CEE) is less well known in the public domain. Manufacturers of the latter claim it is more readily absorbed into the body due to being more lipophilic and therefore having a longer half-life once ingested. It is converted back into creatine once digested as it is an ethyl ester derivative of creatine, specifically developed by the University of Nebraska Medical Centres technology transfer entity, UNeMed. The claims of the various manufacturers of this specific type of creatine were disputed by a study by Child and Tallon that was presented at the International Society of Sports Nutrition 4th annual meeting. They had found that CEE was quickly broken down into creatinine due in part to the decreased acid stability caused by the addition of the ethyl group (Child Tallon 2007). The proposed beneficial benefits of the two varieties will be discussed in length later on. Effect on body mass In 1975, Ingwall et al hypothesized that creatine could stimulate both cardiac and skeletal muscle into a state of hypertrophy by myofibrillar protein synthesis. In vitro and in vivo skeletal muscle had increased synthesis of the contractile proteins actin and myosin as well as the muscle specific iso-enzyme creatine phosphokinase, all of which were due to creatines selectivity. With the increased accumulation of these myofibrillar proteins, skeletal muscle went into a state of hypertrophy. This study is considered as the initial groundbreaking research into the methods behind creatines effect and a lot of the subsequent papers mentioned in this piece reference it extensively. Ingwall followed this initial study up a year later {{16 Ingwall,J.S. 1976; }} with a paper on creatines effect as a potential chemical signal that links increased muscular activity with increased contractile mass. An important factor to note is that this paper is not referring to creatine as a dietary supplement, as its effects as an ergogenic aid were not fully understood until the early 1990s, but rather as an end product of the contraction mechanism. Its aim was to establish the biochemical and physiological mechanisms by which muscular hypertrophy occurs after increased muscular activity and measure the effects of increased intracellular creatine levels in differentiating skeletal muscle cells in culture. The conclusion was that although creatine probably does play a role in selectively controlling the rate of synthesis of muscle-specific proteins, it is hard to determine whether these results would apply in vivo. There are two schools of thought when it comes to assessing the change in body composition that comes with creatine supplementation; an increase in fat-free mass, first proposed by Earnest et al in 1996, and/or an increase in the relative water content of skeletal muscles. Francaux and Poortmans found that after nine weeks of training and creatine supplementation, their was an increase in the absolute value of both total body water (TBW) content and intracellular water (ICW) levels but not the relative value, indicating that the gain of 1-2kg of total body mass they observed was due to dry matter growth {{17 Francaux,M. 1999; }}. These results were similar to those obtained by Kreider et al in 1996 in that there was an increase in total body mass without a change in the TBW percentage {{28 Kreider,R.B. 1996; }}. When specifically studying the effects of creatine ethyl ester (CEE) supplementation, Spillane et al found no significant changes in TBW between the CEE, creatine monohydrate and placebo groups after heavy resistance training lasting 48 days {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. This study paid particular interest to the supposed water retention qualities of CEE as many of the manufacturers of the supplement claim that the esterfication process it undergoes increases cells permeability to creatine and minimizes the amount of extracellular water (ECW) retained during supplementation {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. As suggested by Mesa and colleagues {{80 Mesa,J.L. 2002; }}, one of the potential benefits of creatine supplementation is the accompanied increase in TBW and ICW that help facilitate skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Furthermore in 1998 Kreider et al conducted a study that used bioelectrical impedance to evaluate the changes in body composition after short term (28d) creatine supplementation during training. They concluded that the increases in body mass that they found could not be explained by disproportionate increases in total body water content and the majorit y of the increase could be attributed to lean tissue accretion {{29 Kreider,R.B. 1998; }}. Powers et al study in 2003 is perhaps the definitive work done on the subject of water retention within muscle during creatine supplementation. They concentrated solely on the fluid distribution, in a similar way to Francaux and Poortmans; by measuring total body water as well as the intra- and extracellular levels and found that although water was retained, fluid distribution remained the same {{31 Powers,M.E. 2003; }}. The theory that water retention is the main stimulus for skeletal muscle hypertrophy due to preferential retention by the intracellular component is without any evidence in the literature researched for this paper. The increase in TBW is relative to the increase in total body mass, the majority of which is formed of fat-free mass. Effect on maximal performance Maximal performance can be defined in many ways depending on the discipline; within the gym environment it is known as the 1 repetition maximum (1RM), the most weight an individual can lift in a single repetition for a given exercise. Out on the athletics track, maximal anaerobic performance can be measured with a short sprint, between 60-120m for example. Most of the studies that will be subsequently mentioned in this section have sought to discover the effects of combining creatine supplementation with various forms and intensities of resistance training. The duration of the training period also varies from one study to the next. Beck et al combined ten weeks of resistance training with supplementation of a drink that contained creatine, amino acids and protein {{6 Beck,T.W. 2007; }}. The control group drank a placebo mixture that contained just carbohydrates, and both groups were tested for their anaerobic power production before and after training. Both groups experienced improve d performances in their leg extension and bench press 1RM scores as well as their muscular endurance (number of repetitions performed at 80% of their 1RM). Also of note were increases in fat-free mass and percentage fat reduction for both groups. Most significantly however, were the changes elicited by the test drink when it came to peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) production; quantitative values that were determined using two 30 second Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnT). A good summary of this test is provided by -zkan et al (2010): it requires 30 seconds of pedalling at maximal speed on a cycle ergometer, against a resistance that is determined by the users body weight. As mentioned, it tests the individuals muscle power, endurance and fatigability and these were all improved in the test group but not in the placebo group. Their reasons for using a combined supplement drink was to assess whether the creatine, protein and amino acids combined effect would be greater than the benefits that would be expected from ingesting just one of the ingredients alone. It was hoped that examining the changes expected in body composition after resistance training would help to differentiate between the mechanisms that assist in supplement-induced performance enhancement. In that respect the study revealed no new information. The combination drink did improve the test subjects anaerobic capabilities compared to the carbohydrate placebo but provided no additional benefit for improving muscular strength or endurance when combined with medium term resistance training. A possible improvement to the study would have been to add in placebo groups that were to consume just protein and amino acid isolate drinks and perhaps it would have then been easier to differentiate between the respective beneficial effects of each supplem ent. It does confirm that when exercising at near maximal level, increased PC levels within the muscle can be advantageous at replenishing the ATP-PC pathway in anaerobic conditions. A near identical study by Chromiak et al in 2004 had differing results when it came to comparing the final PP and MP values of the two groups {{48 Chromiak,J.A. 2004; }}. They found that those who had taken the carbohydrate-only drink had identical results, in respect to improved PP and MP values, to those who had received the combination one. Differing levels of training intensity and volume could account for these differences, as well as the fact that the test conducted by Beck et al was evaluated using two WAnTs, as opposed to the Chromiak study , who only used one. When the results are compared to other studies that have tested similar protein, carbohydrate and creatine mixes, creatine does appear to produce the most consistent improvements in performance related activities so one can assume that the isolated increases in PP and MP are due to creatine, rather than the protein or amino acids. Open to discussion however, is the possibility that protein and amino acids could have contributed to the post-exercise recovery and tissue repair, therefore becoming a factor in the PP and MP training-induced increases. When creatine ingestion is isolated during short-term supplementation, the results of several studies appear to show encouraging results. Tarnopolsky and colleagues showed that short-term, high-dose creatine supplementation (20g a day for 4 days) markedly improved high intensity exercise performance, specifically in anaerobic cycling power and dorsi-flexor maximal voluntary contraction torque. They also found that males and females responded to the supplementation in a similar manner, with no gender effects apparent {{49 Tarnopolsky,M.A. 2000; }}. Volek et al found comparable results when they looked at maximal effort muscle contractions in individuals during repetitive sets of bench press and jump squats, after receiving 25g doses of creatine every day for a week {{50 Volek,J.S. 1997; }}. CM vs. PEG A subsequent study by Beck with Herda et al {{2 Herda,T.J. 2009; }} compared the effects of CM with that of differing doses of polyethylene glycosylated creatine (PEG), another form of CEE. Using the standard recommended safe dose of 5g a day of CM, the results after training were compared to those obtained taking 1.25g and 2.5g of PEG. Similar tests to the ones previously mentioned in other studies were used to measure muscle strength, endurance and power output in a group of young, healthy men. The difference with this study was that there was no extra training (aerobic or resistance) undertaken by any of the subjects from the level of exercise that they performed regularly before entering into this study. Instead it was just the simple administration of their respective supplement or placebo for a period of 30 days. CM had the effect of increasing body mass and muscle strength in the 1RM tests using the bench press and leg press. Those individuals taking the PEG doses found simila r improvements in muscle strength but no change in their body mass. Neither group had improved PP performance or muscle endurance when compared to the placebo group, respectively measured using the countermovement vertical jump and WAnT, and repetitions to failure at 80% of 1RM using bench press and leg press. It had been suggested by Fry et al that PEG could help facilitate creatines movement across the sarcolemma during gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, therefore a smaller dose of this form of creatine would be needed to obtain potentially the same results as CM (Fry, CF. 2007). This study showed that while a smaller dose of PEG did show comparable results to those obtained using CM, further studies are required to determine its effects when combined with resistance training. One notable practical application is that both CM and PEG groups experienced improved 1RM performance without undertaking a loading period. Many manufacturers of CM encourage a week of loading of the creatine supplement i.e. a larger dose of 20-25g followed by a maintenance period taking a normal 5g dose. Going on from this, with further research required, it might be possible to achieve the same improved performance in 1RM exercises usually seen after 5g.d-1 of CM, by taking a smaller daily dose of PEG. Again, it i s possible results may vary when combined with a set period of resistance training and further research is required in this area. CM vs. CEE, with special reference to the creatine transporter A 2009 study by Spillane et al concentrated on looking into the effects of CEE supplementation on muscle performance after a seven week period of heavy resistance training {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. As mentioned briefly earlier, CEEs proposed advantage over CM is that it is more bio-available due to the esterification process it undergoes, thereby making it less hydrophilic. The manufacturers of this particular variety of creatine also claim that due to enhanced sarcolemma permeability in favour of CEE, it is able to taken up into muscle without the need for the creatine transporter (CT) {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. The CT mediates the uptake of creatine in skeletal muscle against a concentration gradient and is helped by a Na+-dependent transporter {{94 Guimbal,C. 1993; }}. A review by Snow and Murphy looked at the literature concerning the CT, primarily how it is regulated and what gene expression is responsible for its activity {{51 Snow,R.J. 2001; }}. They found that the CreaT1 gen e was expressed in a variety of tissues, including neural, cardiac and skeletal muscle, and that the activity of the transporter protein itself was regulated by substrate concentration, cellular location and a host of other factors. A subsequent review in 2003 by the same authors demonstrated that the creatine content in muscle was predominantly determined by extracellular supply and the expression and activity of the CTs {{52 Snow,R.J. 2003; }}. They also found that after creatine supplementation, the increases seen in total muscle creatine levels were variable and hypothesized that potential factors responsible for these differences could be carbohydrate intake, average level of exercise and possibly fibre type. Supplement companies make specific reference to CEEs supposed benefits over CM, indicating that it is easier to absorb than other versions and offers faster results (MyProtein.co.uk web site, accessed 27-1-2010). However, these claims have been disputed, not only by the International Society of Sports Nutrition, as mentioned earlier, but also by another independent study that showed that CEE was unstable at low pH conditions and as a result, would be taken up less by muscle than an equivalent dose of CM (Mold et al 1955). The results of the comparative study by Spillane et al seemed to concur with these objections. Performance and muscle strength were improved to a similar level of those using CM and those in the placebo group, while body composition was unchanged. They concluded that the improvements seen in the study were most likely due to the training regime, rather than the supplementation and that CEE ingestion markedly increased the serum creatinine levels without any notable change in serum and total muscle creatine levels. This can only lead to the observation that the CEE was being degraded while in GI transit and its uptake by skeletal muscle was insufficient enough to prevent further degradation to creatinine or increase the levels of creatine within the muscles {{26 Spillane,M. 2009; }}. This is a very interesting revelation considering the manufacturers claims of increased absorption and it shouldnt go unnoticed that all supplementation mentioned in the study (placebo, CM and CEE) provided no additional benefit to the training specification undertaken by the volunteers. A loading phase (approx. 20g/day) of five days was followed by a maintenance period lasting 6 weeks (approx. 5g/day) and the training programme was a fairly intense one with participants required to train four times a week. Perhaps the more demanding training schedule was sufficient in providing maximal muscle strength increases and supplementation could not possibly have had any b eneficial effect. This is open to discussion however, as so far every study that has been reviewed in researching for this paper has shown that creatine increased the effects of training. Effect on repetitive sub-/supra-maximal exercise Improved performance in repetitive exercises such as repeated sprints (6x60m) are more relevant than one-off maximal performances when it comes to assessing creatines effect in a sporting environment. The ability to perform longer and harder during interval training sessions gives way to better results and hopefully better performance in competitions. It is essential to differentiate this form of exercise from endurance training, which involves long concerted efforts with little, if any, rest time. It could be said that improving this aspect of your training will give rise to improved performance in 1RM tests so the effect of creatine supplementation needs to be evaluated in both aspects. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a specific type of interval training and is utilised by some of the studies subsequently mentioned. It requires maximal effort for a short duration of time, interspersed with active recovery at a lower intensity to the main workout. The thinking behind this form of training is that intramuscular levels of H+ will be elevated when the next set of exercise begins and this should force the body into improving intramuscular buffering capacity {{54 Costill,D.L. 1984; }}. This should then improve performance in future training/events by delaying fatigue. A 2003 study by van Loon et al looked at the effects of CM supplementation, without training, on performance during repeated supra-maximal sprints on a cycle ergometer as well as an endurance cycling exercise {{24 van Loon,L.J. 2003; }}. Whole-body and muscle oxidative capacity and substrate utilisation as well as body mass were also measured before and after to monitor any potential changes. The main aim of the researchers was to determine any differences in the results of the aforementioned values, between creatine loading and prolonged use of the supplement. Performance in the repeated sprints was improved in both groups, while there was no improvement at all in the endurance exercise. Muscle oxidative capacity was also unaffected. The researchers had based their predictions, on a possible change in the oxidative capacity, on findings by Brannon et al that showed increased muscle citrate synthase activity in rats after prolonged creatine supplementation {{53 Brannon,T.A. 1997; }}. Their results suggested improvements in the values mentioned because citrate synthase is a mitochondrial marker enzyme, although almost every study that has looked into creatines effect on endurance has found no (or even negative) effect. Unfortunately this study also came to the same conclusion. Kendall et al carried out a similar, subsequent study in 2009, looking into the effects of combining HIIT with creatine supplementation and assessing any changes in critical power or anaerobic working capacity {{3 Kendall,K.L. 2009; }}. Critical power reflects the individuals ability to sustain their highest power output for an extended period time while anaerobic working capacity is their total metabolic work capacity, independent of oxygen use {{3 Kendall,K.L. 2009; }}. Creatine significantly improved critical power compared to the placebo and control groups while anaerobic working capacity was unchanged in all test subjects after treatment. This suggests that HIITs effects on endurance performance changes may be enhanced by creatine supplementation. A possible explanation for this is that PC is a major component of biological buffering and, as has been shown already, creatine supplementation can increase the bodies total creatine stores therefore allowing for improved pre-exercise PC availability. Although the participants of this particular study did not have their intramuscular levels of PC measured, other studies have repeatedly shown a significant increase after varying levels of supplementation (3-20g/day) {{11 Harris,R.C. 1992;1 Vandenberghe,K. 1997; 55 Casey,A. 1996; }}. Therefore, not only does creatine supplementation help to replenish PC stores and increase energy production in the ATP-PC energy system, but it also serves to delay the onset of muscle fatigue by prolonging the build up of ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), known factors in the activation of anaerobic glycolysis (Cramer 2007). The studies covered in this paper have mostly used young, healthy males to test the effects of creatine supplementation so to ensure fair coverage of the population the next study to be considered examines the effect of the ergogenic aid in sedentary older women. Gotshalk et al (2008) showed significant increases in upper- and lower-body maximal strength in thirty 58-71 year old women after CM supplementation The effect of creatine supplementation on muscle development The aim of this section is to attempt and explain the structural changes that take place after creatine supplementation that facilitate the improvement in muscle performance shown in the aforementioned studies. It has already been shown by numerous studies that exogenous creatine can replenish the PC stores and lead to faster regeneration of ATP and therefore allow a longer and more intense exertion. This next section will focus on how creatine potentially alters the morphology of skeletal muscle and how it can amplify the effects of training. Muscle fibre type and size A study by Volek et al examined the cross-sectional area and proportion of muscle fibre types before and after supplementation and twelve weeks of heavy resistance training {{56 Volek,J.S. 1999; }}. Those subjects in the creatine group had significant increases in the cross-sectional area of all four types (Type I, IIA, IIAB IIB) while increases in the placebo group were much smaller, with only Type IIA fibres reaching a significant value of change. Interestingly it was this type of fibre that increased in proportion in both groups after training, but more so in the creatine subjects (9% vs. 7%). They also found a significant decrease in Type IIB fibres in both groups (9% and 6%) indicating that the training was responsible for a slight shift from the fast glycolytic type towards the fast oxidative type of fibres, with creatine accentuating this change. This change is to be expected as resistance training has previously been shown to decrease the percentage of Type IIB fibres and en courage the transformation from Type IIA > Type IIAB > Type IIB in as little as five workouts {{18 Balsom,P.D. 1994; }}. As the authors state in their discussion section, the greater gains in muscle fibre hypertrophy seen by the creatine group implies enhanced myofibrillar synthesis and/or reduced breakdown. Myosin heavy chain synthesis Ingwall and colleagues had shown in 1972 that skeletal muscle, formed both in vitro and in vivo, would synthesise myosin heavy chain faster when supplied with creatine in vitro {{57 Ingwall,J.S. 1972; }}. Ingwall had been one of the first to postulate that the hypertrophy of skeletal muscle as a result of increased muscular activity might be due to an end product of the activity promoting contractile protein synthesis {{57 Ingwall,J.S. 1972; }}. The results of his early experiment were consistent with the idea that creatine acts as a positive-feedback effector within the system relating muscular activity and muscle protein synthesis. However it is still unclear whether the same mechanism is applicable in vivo as creatines beneficial effects appear to act indirectly through the enhancement of the intensity of trai